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Changes from HTML4
Global overview
HTML5 is different from HTML4 in a way that it addresses both document and application semantics making it more suitable for the web applications created today. HTML5 also reflects implementations better where they differ from HTML4 to ensure the language is implementable and compatible with the web. Inspired by the forward compatible error handling in CSS HTML5 defines detailed processing models where necessary to ensure that implementations become interoperable and that the language stays extensible in the future.
HTML5 also integrates a new version of DOM Level 2 HTML so the element-specific APIs are defined along with the rest of the language. Because the language is mostly defined in terms of the DOM it's very easy to get an XML serialization as well. This XML serialization is called XHTML5 and is basically an update to XHTML1.x.
Syntax
- Writing HTML5
- HTML5 specifies its own syntax rules authors have to follow. HTML5 documents can be written in a way that looks exactly like XHTML although this does not imply that parsing such a document with an HTML parser will give the same result as parsing it with an XML parser.
- Parsing HTML5
- HTML5 defines its own parsing rules (including "error correction") for text/html resources and no longer pretends that HTML is an application of SGML.
New elements
Document Structure
Data
Applications
New Attributes
An overview of all elements from HTML4 that got new attributes in HTML5.
| Element | Attributes |
|---|---|
| a | media?, ping |
| area | ping |
| base | target |
| button | autofocus, form, replace, template |
| fieldset | disabled, form |
| form | data, replace |
| input | autocomplete, autofocus, form, inputmode, list, min, max, pattern, step, replace, required, template |
| li | value (no longer deprecated) |
| meta | charset |
| ol | start (no longer deprecated) |
| select | autofocus, data, form |
| script | async, defer |
| style | scoped |
| textarea | autofocus, form, inputmode, required |
HTML4 didn't have a concept of an attribute that applies to every element. HTML5 calls such attributes global attributes. The following attributes from HTML4 are made global attributes:
- class
- dir
- id
- lang
- title
The following new attributes are global attributes:
- contenteditable
- contextmenu
- draggable
- tabindex
Changed Elements
These elements have new meanings in HTML5 which are incompatible with HTML4. The new meanings better reflects the way they are used on the Web or gives them a purpose so people can start using them.
- a
- The a element without an href attribute represents a "placeholder link".
- address
- The address element is now scoped by the new concept of sectioning.
- b
- The b element now represents a span of text to be stylistically offset from the normal prose without conveying any extra importance, such as key words in a document abstract, product names in a review, or other spans of text whose typical typographic presentation is boldened
- hr
- The hr element now represents a paragraph-level thematic break
- i
- The i element now represents a span of text in an alternate voice or mood, or otherwise offset from the normal prose, such as a taxonomic designation, a technical term, an idiomatic phrase from another language, a thought, a ship name, or some other prose whose typical typographic presentation is italicized
- menu
- The menu element is redefined to be useful for actual menus
- small
- The small element now represents small print (for side comments and legal print)
- strong
- The strong element now represents importance rather than strong emphasis
Dropped Elements
That these elements are dropped means that authors are no longer allowed to use them. User agents will still have to support them and HTML5 will probably get a rendering section in due course that says exactly how. (isindex for instance is already supported by the parser.)
- acronym (use abbr instead)
- applet (use object instead)
- basefont
- big
- center
- dir
- font (allowed when inserted by WYSIWYG editors)
- frame
- frameset
- isindex
- noframes
- noscript (only dropped in XHTML5)
- s
- strike
- tt
- u
Dropped Attributes
Some attributes that were defined in HTML4 are not included in HTML5. Here's a current list (subject to change, see the spec):
| Element | Attributes |
|---|---|
| a | rev, charset |
| area | nohref |
| head | profile |
| html | version |
| link | rev, target, charset |
| map | name |
| meta | scheme |
| object | archive, standby |
| param | valuetype |
| script | charset |
| table | summary |
| td, th | headers, axis |
In addition, HTML5 has none of the presentational attributes that were in HTML4 (including those on <table>. Any attributes defined on elements that are not in HTML5 are (obviously) also not in HTML5.
APIs
HTML5 introduces a number of APIs that should help in creating web applications. These can be used together with the new elements introduced for applications:
- 2D drawing API which can be used with the new canvas element
- API for playing of video and audio which can be used with the new video and audio elements
- Persistent storage
- Online / offline events
- Editing API in combination with a new global contenteditable attribute
- Drag & drop API in combination with a draggable attribute.
- Network API
- API that exposes the history and allows pages to add to it to prevent breaking the back button.
- Cross document messaging
- Listening to server sent events
Character Encoding
The character encoding can be declared using the meta element, but the syntax of the meta element has changed. In HTML 4.01 and earlier, the meta element was:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
In HTML5, the syntax was simplified to remove the unnecessary markup, yet still remain compatible with the encoding detection implemented in most existing browsers.
<meta charset="UTF-8">
HTML 4 Algorithm
Source 5.2.2 Specifying the character encoding, HTML 4.01 Specification.
- An HTTP "charset" parameter in a "Content-Type" field.
- A META declaration with "http-equiv" set to "Content-Type" and a value set for "charset".
- The charset attribute set on an element that designates an external resource.
HTML 5 Algorithm
The exact algorithm that browsers must follow in order to determine the character encoding is specified in HTML 5. The basic algorithm works as follows:
- If the transport layer specifies an encoding, use that, and abort these steps. (e.g. The HTTP Content-Type header).
- Read the first 512 bytes of the file, or at least as much as possible if less than that.
- If the file starts with a UTF-8, UTF-16 or UTF-32 BOM, then use that and abort these steps.
- Otherwise use the special algorithm to search the first 512 bytes for a meta element that declares the encoding. The algorithm is relatively lenient in what it will detect, though since it doesn't use the normal parsing algorithm, there are some restrictions.