Validator.nu Web Service Interface

This is a inline-commentable updated wiki copy of the original article.

Motivation

First, I assume there is some level of interest in doing RELAX NG / Schematron validation and HTML5 conformance checking. Next, it would be nice to enable applications that deal with documents to make these checks automatically in addition to having the functionality available for human operators as a Web app. For example, a content management system might check the input it is given.

Java apps could just integrate a private copy of the Free Software back end of the validation / conformance checking service. However, non-Java apps would benefit from having the validation / conformance checking service running out of process and having an interface for talking to the out-of-process Java service. The service instance could be hosted publicly or as a local copy. Even some Java developers would elect to use such a service instead of integrating the back end as part of their own app.

Input Modes

The schemas are expected to be relatively static. Therefore, I think preloading them into the service or letting the service retrieve them is sufficient. Identification by URI works in both cases.

What needs different input modes is the document that is checked.

I think the following modes would make sense:

• Document URI as a GET parameter; the service retrieves the

document by URI (already implemented).

• Document in a data: URI as a GET parameter.
• Document POSTed as the HTTP entity body (the preferred Web

service mode; already implemented).

• Document POSTed as an application/x-www-form-urlencoded

form field value.

• Document POSTed as a multipart/form-data file

upload.

In the first three modes, additional parameters would be communicated in the URI query string. In the last two modes, additional parameters would be communicated like corresponding from fields are communicated as application/x-www-form-urlencoded and multipart/form-data.

I don’t particularly like the last two modes, but they are needed to address feature requests and for parity with other services. Also, unlike the first three modes, the last two modes need companion UI changes, which is not nice. As a further complication, the last two don’t come naturally with a Content-Type for dispatching to an HTML5 parser or to an XML parser.

All these input modes would share the same “service endpoint URI” (and the same servlet class). The different cases can be distinguished from the HTTP method and in the POST cases from the Content-Type request header.

Output Modes

A Web service probably calls for an XML output format for maximal tool chain integration even though the current HTML output format makes sense for browsers and can carry all the necessary data.

I think the following modes would make sense:

• HTML with microformat-style class annotations

(already implemented except the annotation granularity could be better).

• XHTML with microformat-style class annotations (already implemented).
• A custom XML format that it super-simple and use element

names for easier processing with tools that are biased towards keying on element name rather than on attribute value.

• JSON
• Human-readably plain text (already implemented)
• Emacs-compatible formatted text with one item per line
• Relax-compatible
• Unicorn-compatible
• W3C Validator-compatible SOAP
• EARL

For the HTML and XHTML output formats, there could be an option for suppressing the input form. The output default should be HTML for the browser-targeted input formats. However, the custom XML format might be a reasonable default when the input document was POSTed as the entity body.

The XML Output Format (Draft)

The elements in this XML vocabulary are in the namespace “http://validotor.nu/messages/”.

• Perhaps the namespace URI should be a data: URI. If the ns URI does not contain any domain name, it cannot contain a domain name that someone is uncomfortable with. hsivonen 14:24, 18 December 2006 (UTC)

The attributes in this XML vocabulary are not in a namespace. The attribute values defined for this XML vocabulary must not have preceding or trailing white space.

Note: The format has been designed to support streaming generation and consumption.

Structure and Semantics

The format consists of an XML 1.0 document that has the element messages as the root element.

The root element may zero or more child elements named info, warning and error. The element info means an informational message. The element warning signifies a potential problem that does not cause the validation/checking to fail. The element error signifies a problem that causes the validation/checking to fail. The character data content of these three elements may contain a human-readable message. (Entity-escaped HTML is not allowed. :-)

The elements info, warning and error have three optional attributes for indicating the context of the message: uri, line and column. The column attribute must not be present unless the line attribute is present as well.

The uri attribute, if present, must containt the URI (not IRI) of the HTTP resource with which the message is associated or the literal string “data:…” (the last character is U+2026) to signify that the message is associated with a data URI resource but the exact URI has been omitted. (If a client application wishes to show IRIs to human users, it is up to the client application to convert the URI into an IRI.)

The line attribute, if present, must contain a string consisting of characters in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO to U+0039 DIGIT NINE which when interpreted as a base-ten integer is a positive integer (not zero). This number means the approximate source text line number associated with the message. The first line is 1.

The column attribute, if present, must contain a string consisting of characters in the range U+0030 DIGIT ZERO to U+0039 DIGIT NINE which when interpreted as a base-ten integer is a positive integer (not zero). This number means the approximate source column number associated with the message on the line indicated by the line attribute. The first character on a line is in column 1.

The source lines and columns are approximate. For example, if a message is related to an attribute, the line and column may point to the first character if the start tag, the character after the start tag or to the attribute inside the tag depending on implementation. If a message is related to character data, the line and column may be inaccurate within a run of text e.g. due to buffering. Furthermore, implementation may count column numbers in terms of UTF-16 code units instead of characters.

The error element may have an attribute called type for indicating that an error is not a general error. Permissible values for the type attribute are: fatal (signifies a well-formedness violation or another error after which no more checking was performed), io (signifies an input/output error), schema (indicates that initializing a schema-based validator failed) and internal (indicates that the validator/checker found an error bug in itself, ran out of memory, etc., but was still able to emit a message).

The validation/checking is considered to have failed if there is one or more error element.

Perhaps io, schema and internal errors should have a different element and the occurrence of this element would be deemed to mean that the result in indeterminate, because the document did not have a chance to fail on its own right.

Processing Model

Clients that consume the message format are referred to as processors. They must use a conforming XML 1.0 processor to parse the format.

If the root element is not an element named messages, the document is deemed to be in an unknown format and not processable according to this processing model.

If a processor encounters an element that it doesn’t recognize, it must process the content of the element as if the start tag and the end tag of the element were not there. If the processor encounter character data as a child of the root element (after applying the rule stated in the previous sentence), it must act as if the character data was not there. If a processor encounters an attribute that it does not recognize, it must ignore the entire attribute. If a processor encounters an attribute that it does recognize but the value of the attribute is not permissible under the previous section, the processor must ignore the entire attribute. If an info, warning or error element does not have a line attribute with a permissible value, a column attribute on the element must be ignored if present.

Note: These rules make it possible to add markup for source code dumps, document outlines and parse trees later without breaking clients. Also, it make it possible to introduce e.g. XHTML markup in the human-readable messages.

Processors must process elements in a way that is consistent with the semantics of the elements.

The determine if the validation/checking succeeded, processors must determine whether the root element has no error element children. If there are no error children, the validation/checking succeeded. Otherwise, it failed.

Prior Art

The W3C has defined three XML output formats for the W3C Validator: the SOAP format, the Unicorn format and EARL.

I think there are two problems with the SOAP and Unicorn formats: they are unnecessarily complex and they don’t support streaming output. For example, they require a redundant declaration of the number of errors before the errors themselves (which a client could count on its own if it wants to know the number).

The EARL format assumes that each testable condition has a well-known URI, which does not fit with grammar-based validation and now even with vanilla Schematron.

The W3C Validator also provides simple pass/fail information as HTTP headers, which is nice if you only care about a boolean pass/fail. However, this approach also has the problem the it precludes streaming, because the validation process has to finish before the HTTP headers can be written.

For these reasons, I am not particularly keen on reusing the output formats of the W3C Validator unless it turns out that there are significant network benefits to be reaped from plugging into an existing network of client software. It seems to me that there isn’t a significant network of existing client software.